WORLD RESOURCES 2005
Foreword vii
PART I
THE WEALTH OF THE POOR
CHAPTER 1
NATURE, POWER,
AND POVERTY 3
■ Linking Ecosystems, Governance, and
Poverty 4
■ The Persistence of Poverty 5
■ Growth Alone Is Not Enough 11
■ Environment Matters to the Poor 12
■ Nature as an Economic Stepping Stone 16
■ Better Governance Is Vital for Higher Incomes 19
■ The Environment as a Route to Democratic Governance 25
■ Linking Environment and Governance in the Global Poverty Fight 26
■ From Vulnerability to Wealth 27
CHAPTER 2
ECOSYSTEMS AND
THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE POOR 33
■ How Important is Environmental
Income? 34
■ Common Pool Resources as a Source of Enviromental Income 39
■ Who Gets More Environmental Income: Rich or Poor? 41
■ Environmental Income by Ecosystem 45
■ The Role of Livestock 50
■ The Social Benefits of Ecosystems 51
■ Building on the Strength of Ecosystems 52
CHAPTER 3
THE ROLE OF
GOVERNANCE 55
■ Resource Tenure and Property Rights:
Access and Ownership 56
■ Decentralization: Can It Help the Poor? 62
■ The Rights to Information, Participation, and Justice: The Importance
of a Voice 70
CHAPTER 4
FOUR STEPS TO
GREATER ENVIRONMENTAL INCOME 79
1 More Income Through Better Ecosystem
Management 80
■ Better Management Requires an
Ecosystem Approach 80
■ Income Benefits of Better Management 81
2 Getting the Governance Right: Empowering the Poor to Profit from
Nature 83
■ Securing Property and Resource Rights
through Tenure Reform 83
■ Poor-Friendly Decentralization: Community-Based Natural Resource
Management 87
■ Keeping Community-Based Management Pro-Poor 89
■ A Continuing Role for the State 92
3 Commercializing Ecosystem Goods and Services 97
■ Provide Marketing Assistance 97
■ Understand the Limitations of Transportation 98
■ Make Credit Available 98
■ Capture Greater Value 99
■ Partner with the Private Sector 101
■ Keep Sustainability in Mind 105
4 Augmenting Nature’s Income Stream: Payment for Environmental Services
105
■ The Challenges of Pro-Poor PES 108
Beyond Environmental Income 109
CHAPTER 5
TURNING NATURAL
ASSETS INTO WEALTH: CASE STUDIES 113
■ Nature in Local Hands: The Case for
Namibia’s Conservancies 114
■ More Water, More Wealth in Darewadi Village 124
■ Regenerating Woodlands: Tanzania’s HASHI Project. 131
■ Bearing Witness: Empowering Indonesian Communities to Fight Illegal
Logging 139
■ Village by Village: Recovering Fiji’s Coastal Fisheries 144
SPECIAL SECTION
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES:
MAKING MDGs AND
PRSPs WORK FOR THE POOR AND THE ENVIRONMENT 153
The Millennium Development Goals 154
■ A Break from the Past 154
■ For Environment and Governance, More of the Same 154
■ Focused on the Wrong Nature 154
■ Getting the Targets and Indicators Right 157
■ Encouraging Environment and Governance as Cross-Cutting Themes 160
Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSPs) 162
■ Also in Need of an Environmental
Overhaul 162
■“Mainstreaming” the Environment in PRSPs: The Unfulfilled Promise 163
■ Upgrading the Treatment of Environmental Income in PRSPs 165
■ Steps toward More Effective PRSPs 170
PART II
DATA TABLES
1 Population and Education 176
2 Human Health 180
3 Gender and Development 184
4 Income and Poverty 188
5 Economics and Financial Flows 192
6 Institutions and Governance 196
7 Energy 200
8 Climate and Atmosphere 204
9 Water Resources and Fisheries 208
10 Biodiversity 212
11 Land Use and Human Settlements 216
12 Food and Agriculture 220
Acknowledgments 227
References 230
Index 246