DARRELL ADDISON POSEY
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FOREWORD BY THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF UNEP, KLAUS TOPFER xi
NOTE FROM THE EXECUTIVE EDITOR OF THE GBA, VERNON HEYWOOD xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv
CONTRIBUTORS xvi
PREFACE BY DARRELL ADDISON POSEY xvii
LIST OF COLOUR PLATES xix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION: CULTURE AND NATURE — THE INEXTRICABLE LINK 1
DARRELL ADDISON POSEY
CONTENTS
WHO ARE INDIGENOUS AND
TRADITIONAL PEOPLES?
..................................................................................
3
THE SACRED BALANCE ........................................................................................................................... 4
DEALING WITH THE PROBLEMS ................................................................................................................. 6
RECOGNIZING INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES ............................................................................... 7
EQUITY AND RIGHTS ............................................................................................................................11
THE GLOBAL BALANCE SHEET .................................................................................................................12
A POSTSCRIPT ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF KNOWING ................................................................................. 16
TEXT BOXESTHE SACRED BALANCE ........................................................................................................................... 4
DEALING WITH THE PROBLEMS ................................................................................................................. 6
RECOGNIZING INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES ............................................................................... 7
EQUITY AND RIGHTS ............................................................................................................................11
THE GLOBAL BALANCE SHEET .................................................................................................................12
A POSTSCRIPT ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF KNOWING ................................................................................. 16
BOX 1.1: INADEQUACIES OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
BOX 1.2: SOME PRINCIPAL RIGHTS AFFIRMED BY THE DRAFT DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
BOX 1.3: PRINCIPLES FOR ‘EQUITABLE PARTNERSHIPS’ ESTABLISHED BY THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR
ETHNOBIOLOGY
BOX 1.4: THE CHRISTMAS BEETLE AND THE BRIGHT BOY (CHRISTINE MORRIS)
CHAPTER 2 BOX 1.2: SOME PRINCIPAL RIGHTS AFFIRMED BY THE DRAFT DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
BOX 1.3: PRINCIPLES FOR ‘EQUITABLE PARTNERSHIPS’ ESTABLISHED BY THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR
ETHNOBIOLOGY
BOX 1.4: THE CHRISTMAS BEETLE AND THE BRIGHT BOY (CHRISTINE MORRIS)
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY 19
LUISA MAFFI
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION (LUISA
MAFFI)
...............................................................................................................
21
LANGUAGE AND THE ENVIRONMENT (LUISA MAFFI) ................................................................................... 22
LANGUAGE AND THE ENVIRONMENT (LUISA MAFFI) ................................................................................... 22
Linguistic diversity and
language endangerment
........................................................................
22
Linguistic ecologies ...................................................................................................................25
Overlap of linguistic and biological diversity ............................................................................. 26
Ethnobiological classification, ecological knowledge and sense of place ..................................... 27
The erosion of languages and ecological knowledge .................................................................. 29
PROMOTING THE USE OF NATIVE NAMES FOR SPECIES: THE CASE OF MADAGASCAR (JONAH ANDRIANARIVO)
..............................................................................
36Linguistic ecologies ...................................................................................................................25
Overlap of linguistic and biological diversity ............................................................................. 26
Ethnobiological classification, ecological knowledge and sense of place ..................................... 27
The erosion of languages and ecological knowledge .................................................................. 29
Use of vernacular names
in conservation
...................................................................................
36
The example of lemurs .............................................................................................................. 36
LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND REVITALIZATION (LUISA MAFFI AND TOVE SKUTNABB-KANGAS)
..........................................................................................
37The example of lemurs .............................................................................................................. 36
Linguistic diversity and
the ‘Curse of Babel’
...............................................................................37
From ex-situ language preservation to in-situ integral language
maintenance and development .................................................................................................. 40
Indigenous and minority language support programmes ............................................................ 41
International language support organizations ............................................................................44
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND LANGUAGE RIGHTS (TOVE SKUTNABB-KANGAS)
..................................................................................................................
46From ex-situ language preservation to in-situ integral language
maintenance and development .................................................................................................. 40
Indigenous and minority language support programmes ............................................................ 41
International language support organizations ............................................................................44
Language, power and
diversity
.................................................................................................46
Linguistic human rights, linguicide and monolingual reductionism ............................................... 46
Linguistic rights and education .................................................................................................. 49
Draft Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights .......................................................................... 50
Recent positive developments ....................................................................................................51
What a Universal Convention of Linguistic Human Rights
should guarantee at an individual level .....................................................................................53
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 54
Linguistic human rights, linguicide and monolingual reductionism ............................................... 46
Linguistic rights and education .................................................................................................. 49
Draft Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights .......................................................................... 50
Recent positive developments ....................................................................................................51
What a Universal Convention of Linguistic Human Rights
should guarantee at an individual level .....................................................................................53
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 54
BOX 2.1: ‘A SENSE OF PLACE’ (LUISA
MAFFI)
BOX 2.2: STATEMENT OF PURPOSE, TERRALINGUA: PARTNERSHIPS FOR LINGUISTIC AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
BOX 2.3: CUSTOMARY READING AND UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE’S GENERAL COMMENT ON ICCPR ARTICLE 27
BOX 2.4: THE HAGUE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE EDUCATION RIGHTS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES AND
EXPLANATORY NOTE (OCTOBER 1996) – ARTICLES 1 AND 3
BOX 2.5: THE HAGUE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE EDUCATION RIGHTS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES AND
EXPLANATORY NOTE (OCTOBER 1996) – ARTICLES 11-14
BOX 2.6: SUGGESTIONS ON WHAT A UNIVERSAL CONVENTION OF LINGUISTIC HUMAN RIGHTS SHOULD
GUARANTEE AT AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
BOX 2.7: ‘ON THE NATURE OF TRUTH’ (MAZISI KUNENE)
FIGURES AND TABLESBOX 2.2: STATEMENT OF PURPOSE, TERRALINGUA: PARTNERSHIPS FOR LINGUISTIC AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
BOX 2.3: CUSTOMARY READING AND UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE’S GENERAL COMMENT ON ICCPR ARTICLE 27
BOX 2.4: THE HAGUE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE EDUCATION RIGHTS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES AND
EXPLANATORY NOTE (OCTOBER 1996) – ARTICLES 1 AND 3
BOX 2.5: THE HAGUE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE EDUCATION RIGHTS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES AND
EXPLANATORY NOTE (OCTOBER 1996) – ARTICLES 11-14
BOX 2.6: SUGGESTIONS ON WHAT A UNIVERSAL CONVENTION OF LINGUISTIC HUMAN RIGHTS SHOULD
GUARANTEE AT AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
BOX 2.7: ‘ON THE NATURE OF TRUTH’ (MAZISI KUNENE)
FIGURE 2.1: SIZE CLASSIFICATION OF
WORLD’S LANGUAGES BY NUMBER OF MOTHER-TONGUE SPEAKERS (FROM
HARMON 1995).
FIGURE 2.2: PROPORTION OF WORLD’S LIVING LANGUAGES BY SIZE CATEGORY (FROM HARMON 1995).
FIGURE 2.3: LANGUAGES WITH THE MOST MOTHER-TONGUE SPEAKERS: PROPORTION OF WORLD POPULATION
(FROM HARMON 1995).
FIGURE 2.4: WORLD MAP SHOWING OVERLAP OF ENDEMISM IN LANGUAGES AND HIGHER VERTEBRATES (FROM
HARMON, IN PRESS).
FIGURE 2.5: REGRESSION OF AGE AND ETHNOBOTANICAL COMPETENCE AMONG THE PIAROA OF VENEZUELA
(FROM ZENT, 1999).
FIGURE 2.6: REGRESSION OF AGE AND ETHNOBOTANICAL COMPETENCE ACCORDING TO AGE SUBGROUPS
AMONG THE PIAROA OF VENEZUELA (FROM ZENT, 1999).
FIGURE 2.7: REGRESSION OF FORMAL EDUCATION AND ETHNOBOTANICAL COMPETENCE AMONG THE PIAROA OF
VENEZUELA (FROM ZENT, 1999).
FIGURE 2.8. REGRESSION OF BILINGUAL ABILITY AND ETHNOBOTANICAL COMPETENCE AMONG THE PIAROA OF
VENEZUELA (FROM ZENT, 1999).
FIGURE 2.9: PROPORTION OF QUOTATIONS AND SOURCES IN THE OED REFERRING TO TREES ALONG WITH
ASSOCIATED 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVALS (FROM WOLFF AND MEDIN 1998).
TABLE 2.1: TOP 25 COUNTRIES BY NUMBER OF ENDEMIC LANGUAGES (FROM HARMON, IN PRESS).
TABLE 2.2: MEGADIVERSITY COUNTRIES: CONCURRENCE WITH ENDEMIC LANGUAGES (FROM HARMON, IN PRESS).
TABLE 2.3: TAXONOMICALLY ORGANIZED LOCAL NAMES (TOLN) FOR 50 LEMUR SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
TABLE 2.4: ENDANGERED LANGUAGES SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS.
TABLE 2.5: ELECTRONIC RESOURCES ON LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT.
HARMON 1995).
FIGURE 2.2: PROPORTION OF WORLD’S LIVING LANGUAGES BY SIZE CATEGORY (FROM HARMON 1995).
FIGURE 2.3: LANGUAGES WITH THE MOST MOTHER-TONGUE SPEAKERS: PROPORTION OF WORLD POPULATION
(FROM HARMON 1995).
FIGURE 2.4: WORLD MAP SHOWING OVERLAP OF ENDEMISM IN LANGUAGES AND HIGHER VERTEBRATES (FROM
HARMON, IN PRESS).
FIGURE 2.5: REGRESSION OF AGE AND ETHNOBOTANICAL COMPETENCE AMONG THE PIAROA OF VENEZUELA
(FROM ZENT, 1999).
FIGURE 2.6: REGRESSION OF AGE AND ETHNOBOTANICAL COMPETENCE ACCORDING TO AGE SUBGROUPS
AMONG THE PIAROA OF VENEZUELA (FROM ZENT, 1999).
FIGURE 2.7: REGRESSION OF FORMAL EDUCATION AND ETHNOBOTANICAL COMPETENCE AMONG THE PIAROA OF
VENEZUELA (FROM ZENT, 1999).
FIGURE 2.8. REGRESSION OF BILINGUAL ABILITY AND ETHNOBOTANICAL COMPETENCE AMONG THE PIAROA OF
VENEZUELA (FROM ZENT, 1999).
FIGURE 2.9: PROPORTION OF QUOTATIONS AND SOURCES IN THE OED REFERRING TO TREES ALONG WITH
ASSOCIATED 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVALS (FROM WOLFF AND MEDIN 1998).
TABLE 2.1: TOP 25 COUNTRIES BY NUMBER OF ENDEMIC LANGUAGES (FROM HARMON, IN PRESS).
TABLE 2.2: MEGADIVERSITY COUNTRIES: CONCURRENCE WITH ENDEMIC LANGUAGES (FROM HARMON, IN PRESS).
TABLE 2.3: TAXONOMICALLY ORGANIZED LOCAL NAMES (TOLN) FOR 50 LEMUR SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
TABLE 2.4: ENDANGERED LANGUAGES SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS.
TABLE 2.5: ELECTRONIC RESOURCES ON LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT.
CHAPTER 3
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, THEIR ENVIRONMENTS AND TERRITORIES 59
ANDREW GRAY
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION (ANDREW
GRAY)
...........................................................................................................61
General considerations
.............................................................................................................61
Biodiversity and nature .............................................................................................................62
Biodiversity and nature .............................................................................................................62
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
ADDRESS THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY
SPECIAL SESSION, 23-27 JUNE, 1997 (JOJI CARIÑO) ................................................................................ 66
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, THEIR ENVIRONMENTS AND TERRITORIES ...................................................................69
SPECIAL SESSION, 23-27 JUNE, 1997 (JOJI CARIÑO) ................................................................................ 66
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, THEIR ENVIRONMENTS AND TERRITORIES ...................................................................69
Metaphor and power in
indigenous and Western knowledge systems
(Laurie Anne Whitt) .................................................................................................................. 69
Finding a new story (David Suzuki) ...........................................................................................72
Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity (Russel Lawrence Barsh) ................................................. 73
Culture, landscape and diversity (Andrew J. Chapeskie) .............................................................76
Resource stewardship by middle Columbia tribes of the American
Pacific Northwest (Robert H. Winthrop) .....................................................................................79
Gender-based knowledge systems in the eco-politics of the Yukuna
and Tanimuka of Northwest Amazon, Colombia (Elizabeth Reichel D.) ....................................... 82
Basketry and biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest (Marilyn Walker) ........................................... 86
Oxy in U’wa Territory – the announcement of a possible death
(Mónica del Pilar Uribe Marín, translated by Peter Bunyard) ...................................................... 88
Barí: knowledge and biodiversity on the Colombia-Venezuela border
(Jaime Rodríguez-Manasse) ...................................................................................................... 90
Shamanism and diversity: a Machiguenga perspective (Glenn Shepard Jr.) ................................. 93
Central African voices on the human-environment relationship
(Richard B. Peterson) ................................................................................................................95
Thinking through nature in the Nepal Himalaya (Graham E. Clarke) ........................................... 99
Stepping from the diagram: Australian Aboriginal cultural and spiritual
values relating to biodiversity (David Bennett) ..........................................................................102
Nature in songs, songs in nature: texts from Siberut, West Sumatra,
Indonesia (Reimar Schefold and Gerard Persoon) ....................................................................105
Sacred balance (Aroha Te Pareake Mead) ...............................................................................112
Hawaiian subsistence, culture and spirituality and natural biodiversity
(Davianna Pomaika’i McGregor) ............................................................................................114
TEXT BOXES(Laurie Anne Whitt) .................................................................................................................. 69
Finding a new story (David Suzuki) ...........................................................................................72
Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity (Russel Lawrence Barsh) ................................................. 73
Culture, landscape and diversity (Andrew J. Chapeskie) .............................................................76
Resource stewardship by middle Columbia tribes of the American
Pacific Northwest (Robert H. Winthrop) .....................................................................................79
Gender-based knowledge systems in the eco-politics of the Yukuna
and Tanimuka of Northwest Amazon, Colombia (Elizabeth Reichel D.) ....................................... 82
Basketry and biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest (Marilyn Walker) ........................................... 86
Oxy in U’wa Territory – the announcement of a possible death
(Mónica del Pilar Uribe Marín, translated by Peter Bunyard) ...................................................... 88
Barí: knowledge and biodiversity on the Colombia-Venezuela border
(Jaime Rodríguez-Manasse) ...................................................................................................... 90
Shamanism and diversity: a Machiguenga perspective (Glenn Shepard Jr.) ................................. 93
Central African voices on the human-environment relationship
(Richard B. Peterson) ................................................................................................................95
Thinking through nature in the Nepal Himalaya (Graham E. Clarke) ........................................... 99
Stepping from the diagram: Australian Aboriginal cultural and spiritual
values relating to biodiversity (David Bennett) ..........................................................................102
Nature in songs, songs in nature: texts from Siberut, West Sumatra,
Indonesia (Reimar Schefold and Gerard Persoon) ....................................................................105
Sacred balance (Aroha Te Pareake Mead) ...............................................................................112
Hawaiian subsistence, culture and spirituality and natural biodiversity
(Davianna Pomaika’i McGregor) ............................................................................................114
BOX 3.1: ARAKMBUT
SPIRITUALITY (ANDREW GRAY)
BOX 3.2: MOBIL IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON
BOX 3.3: FIVE LEGAL COROLLARIES OF THE SOCIAL CONCEPTION OF ECOLOGY
BOX 3.4: MANOMIN AS A SPIRITUAL GIFT (ANDREW CHAPESKIE)
BOX 3.5: ‘GRAMPA’S SONG FOR LITTLE BEAR’ (INÉS HERNÁNDEZ-ÁVILA)
FIGURESBOX 3.2: MOBIL IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON
BOX 3.3: FIVE LEGAL COROLLARIES OF THE SOCIAL CONCEPTION OF ECOLOGY
BOX 3.4: MANOMIN AS A SPIRITUAL GIFT (ANDREW CHAPESKIE)
BOX 3.5: ‘GRAMPA’S SONG FOR LITTLE BEAR’ (INÉS HERNÁNDEZ-ÁVILA)
FIGURE 3.1: THE TANIMUKA
AND YUKUNA COSMOS (ELIZABETH REICHEL D.).
FIGURE 3.2: BARÍ TERRITORY IN 1900 (FROM LIZARRALDE AND BECKERMAN 1982).
FIGURE 3.3: BARÍ TERRITORY IN 1983 (FROM LIZARRALDE AND BECKERMAN 1982).
FIGURE 3.4: CROP RINGS AROUND A BARÍ HOUSE: THE TRADITIONAL METHOD IN THE ATSHIRINDAKAIRA,
ICHIDIRRANKAIRA, BARÍ COMMUNITY (FROM BECKERMAN 1983).
FIGURE 3.2: BARÍ TERRITORY IN 1900 (FROM LIZARRALDE AND BECKERMAN 1982).
FIGURE 3.3: BARÍ TERRITORY IN 1983 (FROM LIZARRALDE AND BECKERMAN 1982).
FIGURE 3.4: CROP RINGS AROUND A BARÍ HOUSE: THE TRADITIONAL METHOD IN THE ATSHIRINDAKAIRA,
ICHIDIRRANKAIRA, BARÍ COMMUNITY (FROM BECKERMAN 1983).
CHAPTER 4
VOICES OF THE EARTH 119
RANIL SENANAYAKE
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION (ISABELLA
MASINDE AND CARMEN TAVERA)
.......................................................................121
The ties to the land
.................................................................................................................121
The value of biodiversity .........................................................................................................122
Coping with change ...............................................................................................................122
Spirituality and nature ............................................................................................................122
Man’s special relationships with plants and animals .................................................................123
Conservation of resources, beliefs and customary law ..............................................................123
The value of biodiversity .........................................................................................................122
Coping with change ...............................................................................................................122
Spirituality and nature ............................................................................................................122
Man’s special relationships with plants and animals .................................................................123
Conservation of resources, beliefs and customary law ..............................................................123
THE COLLECTION OF THE
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S STATEMENTS
(JERRY MOLES AND RANIL SENANAYAKE) ...............................................................................................124
VOICES OF THE EARTH .......................................................................................................................125
(JERRY MOLES AND RANIL SENANAYAKE) ...............................................................................................124
VOICES OF THE EARTH .......................................................................................................................125
Henrietta Fourmile,
Australia
..................................................................................................125
Mick, Australia ......................................................................................................................126
Kathrimila Mulazana, Botswana .............................................................................................128
Pera, Botswana ......................................................................................................................129
Kipelelo Waker, Botswana ......................................................................................................130
Kaichela Dipera, Botswana .....................................................................................................131
Rekamani Mutupi, Botswana ...................................................................................................132
Daniel Matenho Cabixi, Brazil ................................................................................................132
Gamaillie Kilukishak, Canada (translator Meeka Mike) ............................................................134
Juan Vargas, Rodolfo Mayorga, Carmen Leiva, Aníbal Morales, Gloria Moyorga,
Juanita Sánchez, Eustacia Palacios and Catalina Morales, Costa Rica ...................................... 135
Cristina Gualinga, Ecuador ....................................................................................................136
Bolivar Beltrán, Piedad Cabascango, Raúl Tapuyo, Nancy Velas, Fredy Pianchiche,
Bayardo Lanchimba, Yessenia Gonzales and Melecio Santos, Mari Yagual, Consuelo Méndez,
Segundo Bautista, Maribel Guacapia, José Aapa, Ecuador ......................................................137
Moi Angulema, Ecuador .........................................................................................................143
Nina Pacari Vega, Ecuador ....................................................................................................144
The Nuaulu People, Indonesia .................................................................................................146
Patrick Segundad, Malaysia ...................................................................................................147
Eidengab, Nauru ...................................................................................................................150
Aroha Te Pareake Mead, New Zealand ...................................................................................150
Johan Mathis Turi, Norway .....................................................................................................152
Atentio López, Panamá ..........................................................................................................153
Morea Veratua, Papua New Guinea .......................................................................................154
Michael Kapo, Papua New Guinea .........................................................................................156
Adolfo García Laulate, Silvia del Aguila Reina, David Vargas, Anastacio Lázaro
Milagro, Susana Dávila, Walter Gabriel Yanesha, Enrique Gonzales Miranda,
Walter Reiner Jipa, Glorioso Castro, Mario Sijo Sajami, David Camacho Paqui,
Justo Funachi Inuma, Giulianna Montalvo Espejo, Fidel Sánchez, Ciro Cosnilla Olivares,
Reyner Castro Martínez, Eliazar Muñoz, Guillermo Gómez, Elmer Guimaraes,
Leoncio García, Abel Alado Tello, Irma Castro de Salazar, Tomás Huaya Panduro,
Oswaldo Cairuna Fasaba, Hugo Ochavano Sanaciro, Zoila Canaquiri Bardales,
Juan Muñoz Mamani, Marcial Rodríguez Panduro, Teresa Elecputu, Policarpo Sánchez,
Emilio Agustín, Josue Faquin, Fidel Sinarahua, Delia Isuiza and Francisco Muñoz, Perú ............ 158
Moises O. Pindog, Omis Balin Hawang and Baliag Bugtong, Philippines .................................. 161
Ruth Lilongula, Solomon Islands ..............................................................................................162
Mudianse Tenekoon, Sri Lanka ................................................................................................164
Siosiane Fanua Bloomfield, Tonga ...........................................................................................165
Korosata To’o, Western Samoa ...............................................................................................165
Reverend Asotasi Time, Western Samoa ..................................................................................165
Evanson Nyamakao, Zimbabwe .............................................................................................165
Ralph Mogati, Zimbabwe .......................................................................................................166
Mick, Australia ......................................................................................................................126
Kathrimila Mulazana, Botswana .............................................................................................128
Pera, Botswana ......................................................................................................................129
Kipelelo Waker, Botswana ......................................................................................................130
Kaichela Dipera, Botswana .....................................................................................................131
Rekamani Mutupi, Botswana ...................................................................................................132
Daniel Matenho Cabixi, Brazil ................................................................................................132
Gamaillie Kilukishak, Canada (translator Meeka Mike) ............................................................134
Juan Vargas, Rodolfo Mayorga, Carmen Leiva, Aníbal Morales, Gloria Moyorga,
Juanita Sánchez, Eustacia Palacios and Catalina Morales, Costa Rica ...................................... 135
Cristina Gualinga, Ecuador ....................................................................................................136
Bolivar Beltrán, Piedad Cabascango, Raúl Tapuyo, Nancy Velas, Fredy Pianchiche,
Bayardo Lanchimba, Yessenia Gonzales and Melecio Santos, Mari Yagual, Consuelo Méndez,
Segundo Bautista, Maribel Guacapia, José Aapa, Ecuador ......................................................137
Moi Angulema, Ecuador .........................................................................................................143
Nina Pacari Vega, Ecuador ....................................................................................................144
The Nuaulu People, Indonesia .................................................................................................146
Patrick Segundad, Malaysia ...................................................................................................147
Eidengab, Nauru ...................................................................................................................150
Aroha Te Pareake Mead, New Zealand ...................................................................................150
Johan Mathis Turi, Norway .....................................................................................................152
Atentio López, Panamá ..........................................................................................................153
Morea Veratua, Papua New Guinea .......................................................................................154
Michael Kapo, Papua New Guinea .........................................................................................156
Adolfo García Laulate, Silvia del Aguila Reina, David Vargas, Anastacio Lázaro
Milagro, Susana Dávila, Walter Gabriel Yanesha, Enrique Gonzales Miranda,
Walter Reiner Jipa, Glorioso Castro, Mario Sijo Sajami, David Camacho Paqui,
Justo Funachi Inuma, Giulianna Montalvo Espejo, Fidel Sánchez, Ciro Cosnilla Olivares,
Reyner Castro Martínez, Eliazar Muñoz, Guillermo Gómez, Elmer Guimaraes,
Leoncio García, Abel Alado Tello, Irma Castro de Salazar, Tomás Huaya Panduro,
Oswaldo Cairuna Fasaba, Hugo Ochavano Sanaciro, Zoila Canaquiri Bardales,
Juan Muñoz Mamani, Marcial Rodríguez Panduro, Teresa Elecputu, Policarpo Sánchez,
Emilio Agustín, Josue Faquin, Fidel Sinarahua, Delia Isuiza and Francisco Muñoz, Perú ............ 158
Moises O. Pindog, Omis Balin Hawang and Baliag Bugtong, Philippines .................................. 161
Ruth Lilongula, Solomon Islands ..............................................................................................162
Mudianse Tenekoon, Sri Lanka ................................................................................................164
Siosiane Fanua Bloomfield, Tonga ...........................................................................................165
Korosata To’o, Western Samoa ...............................................................................................165
Reverend Asotasi Time, Western Samoa ..................................................................................165
Evanson Nyamakao, Zimbabwe .............................................................................................165
Ralph Mogati, Zimbabwe .......................................................................................................166
ETHNOSCIENCE, ‘TEK’ AND ITS APPLICATION TO CONSERVATION 167
L. JAN SLIKKERVEER
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION (L. JAN
SLIKKERVEER)
....................................................................................................169
Background
...........................................................................................................................169
Cognitive anthropology, ethnoscience and TEK ........................................................................170
The dynamic context of knowledge systems interactions ............................................................171
Ethnomethodology and the ‘ethnosystems approach’ ................................................................ 172
Towards conservation of bio-cultural diversity ..........................................................................174
Cognitive anthropology, ethnoscience and TEK ........................................................................170
The dynamic context of knowledge systems interactions ............................................................171
Ethnomethodology and the ‘ethnosystems approach’ ................................................................ 172
Towards conservation of bio-cultural diversity ..........................................................................174
ETHNOSCIENCE, ‘TEK’ AND
CONSERVATION
...........................................................................................177
On power and indigenous
knowledge (Arun Agrawal)
............................................................177
Embeddedness of indigenous environmental knowledge
(Roy Ellen and Holly Harris) ....................................................................................................180
Local community knowledge and practices
(Ashish Kothari and Priya Das) ...............................................................................................185
Traditional knowledge, culturally-based world-views and Western science
(Raymond Pierotti and Daniel R. Wildcat) ................................................................................192
Are indigenous groups and local knowledge threatened in today’s world society?
(Maj-Lis Follér) .......................................................................................................................199
Indigenous resource management systems (Janis Alcorn) ..........................................................203
Diversity and sustainability in community-based conservation
(Michel P. Pimbert and Jules N. Pretty) .....................................................................................206
Agriculture and cosmovision in the contemporary Andes: the nurturing of the seeds
(Tirso Gonzales, Nestor Chambi and Marcela Machaca) .........................................................211
Cosmovisions and agriculture in India (Prabha Mahale and Hay Sorée) .................................... 217
Cosmology and biodiversity of the Kasepuhan community in the
Mount Halimun area of West Java, Indonesia (Kusnaka Adimihardja) ...................................... 223
Collaborative environmental research with Kuku-Yalanji people in the
Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area, Australia
(Rosemary Hill and Dermot Smyth) ..........................................................................................227
Enhancing protected area management through indigenous
involvement: the Uluru model (Julian Barry) .............................................................................232
Dryland plants and their uses
(Hew D. V. Prendergast, Stephen D. Davis and Michael Way) ..................................................233
Termites, society and ecology: perspectives from West Africa
(James Fairhead and Melissa Leach) .......................................................................................235
Mirrors to humanity? Historical reflections on culture and social insects
(J. F. M. Clark) .......................................................................................................................242
Landscape perception and sensory emplacement (Terence Hay-Edie) ........................................ 246
Cities, nature and protected areas: a general introduction (Jeffrey A. McNeely) ........................ 249
Toward urban sustainability (Herbert Girardet) ........................................................................255
Towards a political ecology of biodiversity (Josep-Antoni Gari) ................................................258
TEXT BOXESEmbeddedness of indigenous environmental knowledge
(Roy Ellen and Holly Harris) ....................................................................................................180
Local community knowledge and practices
(Ashish Kothari and Priya Das) ...............................................................................................185
Traditional knowledge, culturally-based world-views and Western science
(Raymond Pierotti and Daniel R. Wildcat) ................................................................................192
Are indigenous groups and local knowledge threatened in today’s world society?
(Maj-Lis Follér) .......................................................................................................................199
Indigenous resource management systems (Janis Alcorn) ..........................................................203
Diversity and sustainability in community-based conservation
(Michel P. Pimbert and Jules N. Pretty) .....................................................................................206
Agriculture and cosmovision in the contemporary Andes: the nurturing of the seeds
(Tirso Gonzales, Nestor Chambi and Marcela Machaca) .........................................................211
Cosmovisions and agriculture in India (Prabha Mahale and Hay Sorée) .................................... 217
Cosmology and biodiversity of the Kasepuhan community in the
Mount Halimun area of West Java, Indonesia (Kusnaka Adimihardja) ...................................... 223
Collaborative environmental research with Kuku-Yalanji people in the
Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area, Australia
(Rosemary Hill and Dermot Smyth) ..........................................................................................227
Enhancing protected area management through indigenous
involvement: the Uluru model (Julian Barry) .............................................................................232
Dryland plants and their uses
(Hew D. V. Prendergast, Stephen D. Davis and Michael Way) ..................................................233
Termites, society and ecology: perspectives from West Africa
(James Fairhead and Melissa Leach) .......................................................................................235
Mirrors to humanity? Historical reflections on culture and social insects
(J. F. M. Clark) .......................................................................................................................242
Landscape perception and sensory emplacement (Terence Hay-Edie) ........................................ 246
Cities, nature and protected areas: a general introduction (Jeffrey A. McNeely) ........................ 249
Toward urban sustainability (Herbert Girardet) ........................................................................255
Towards a political ecology of biodiversity (Josep-Antoni Gari) ................................................258
BOX 5.1: PEOPLE, LAND
MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE (PLEC) (HAROLD BROOKFIELD)
BOX 5.2: PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF REVITALIZATION OF LCS
BOX 5.3: CASTE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
BOX 5.4: ‘FOLK’ PRACTITIONERS AS INNOVATORS OF TRADITIONAL SCIENCE (A. V. BALASUBRAMANIAN AND K.
VIJAYALAKSHMI)
BOX 5.5: USES OF DRYLAND ANIMALS (INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF EXPERTS ON DESERTIFICATION)
BOX 5.6: THE DELHI RIDGE FOREST
FIGURES AND TABLESBOX 5.2: PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF REVITALIZATION OF LCS
BOX 5.3: CASTE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
BOX 5.4: ‘FOLK’ PRACTITIONERS AS INNOVATORS OF TRADITIONAL SCIENCE (A. V. BALASUBRAMANIAN AND K.
VIJAYALAKSHMI)
BOX 5.5: USES OF DRYLAND ANIMALS (INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF EXPERTS ON DESERTIFICATION)
BOX 5.6: THE DELHI RIDGE FOREST
FIGURE 5.1: THE INDAKS
COMPUTER MODEL OF INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL BEHAVIOUR AND ITS COMPONENTS
(SLIKKERVEER 1996A).
FIGURE 5.2: THE ANDEAN COSMOVISION.
FIGURE 5.3: JOHN GEDDE’S BOX-HIVE, AS PRESENTED IN MOSES RUSDEN, A FURTHER DISCOVERY OF BEES (1679).
FIGURE 5.4: THE BEE-HIVE AS A MODEL OF SOCIAL ORGANICISM: GEORGE CRUIKSHANK’S ‘THE BRITISH BEE HIVE’.
FIGURE 5.5: ‘PRINCE ALBERT’S BEE-HIVES.’
FIGURE 5.6: PUNCH’S ‘FANCY PORTRAIT’ OF ‘BANKING BUSY BEE’ SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, AUTHOR OF ANTS, BEES,
AND WASPS (1882), AND NUMEROUS OTHER PUBLICATIONS ON SOCIAL INSECTS.
TABLE 5.1: THE MOST IMPORTANT ‘VISIBLE’ FORMS OR MODALITIES OF APPROACHING THE SEED.
TABLE 5.2: INCORPORATION OF THE NEW SEED INTO THE NEW QUISPILLACTAN FAMILY.
TABLE 5.3: MODALITIES OF STRENGTHENING THE DIVERSITY OF SEEDS IN CONIMA, PUNO.
(SLIKKERVEER 1996A).
FIGURE 5.2: THE ANDEAN COSMOVISION.
FIGURE 5.3: JOHN GEDDE’S BOX-HIVE, AS PRESENTED IN MOSES RUSDEN, A FURTHER DISCOVERY OF BEES (1679).
FIGURE 5.4: THE BEE-HIVE AS A MODEL OF SOCIAL ORGANICISM: GEORGE CRUIKSHANK’S ‘THE BRITISH BEE HIVE’.
FIGURE 5.5: ‘PRINCE ALBERT’S BEE-HIVES.’
FIGURE 5.6: PUNCH’S ‘FANCY PORTRAIT’ OF ‘BANKING BUSY BEE’ SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, AUTHOR OF ANTS, BEES,
AND WASPS (1882), AND NUMEROUS OTHER PUBLICATIONS ON SOCIAL INSECTS.
TABLE 5.1: THE MOST IMPORTANT ‘VISIBLE’ FORMS OR MODALITIES OF APPROACHING THE SEED.
TABLE 5.2: INCORPORATION OF THE NEW SEED INTO THE NEW QUISPILLACTAN FAMILY.
TABLE 5.3: MODALITIES OF STRENGTHENING THE DIVERSITY OF SEEDS IN CONIMA, PUNO.
CHAPTER 6
VALUING BIODIVERSITY FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: TRADITIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMS 261
GERARD BODEKER
CONTENTS
TRADITIONAL HEALTH
SYSTEMS (GERARD BODEKER)
..................................................................................263
THE SPIRITUAL DIMENSION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE VEDIC TRADITION OF INDIA
(DARSHAN SHANKAR) ........................................................................................................................267
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, CULTURE AND RESOURCE RIGHTS: THE CASE OF TULASI
(BHANUMATHI NATARAJAN) ................................................................................................................268
TRADITIONAL HEALTH CARE IN NATIVE CANADIAN COMMUNITIES
(JEAN GOODWILL) ............................................................................................................................270
LEARNING TO CONNECT SPIRIT, MIND, BODY AND HEART TO THE ENVIRONMENT: A HEALER’S PERSPECTIVE
(LEA BILL – RIPPLING WATER WOMAN) ...................................................................................................272
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF MAYA ETHNOMEDICINE
(ELOIS ANN BERLIN AND BRENT BERLIN) .................................................................................................273
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES AND BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION IN BELIZE: VALUATION STUDIES
(MICHAEL J. BALICK, ROSITA ARVIGO, GREGORY SHROPSHIRE AND ROBERT MENDELSOHN) ............................... 275
‘VEGETALISMO’ AND THE PERCEPTION OF BIODIVERSITY: SHAMANIC VALUES IN THE PERUVIAN UPPER AMAZON
(FRANCOISE BARBIRA-FREEDMAN) ........................................................................................................277
‘FOOD’ AND ‘DRUGS’ IN NORTH-WEST AMAZONIA
(STEPHEN HUGH-JONES) .....................................................................................................................278
THE ROLE OF FOOD IN THE THERAPEUTICS OF THE AKA PYGMIES OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
(ELIZABETH MOTTE-FLORAC, SERGE BAHUCHET AND JACQUELINE M. C. THOMAS) ........................................... 280
SYMBOLS AND SELECTIVITY IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN MEDICINE
(MAURICE MMADUAKOLAM IWU) .........................................................................................................282
TEXT BOXESTHE SPIRITUAL DIMENSION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE VEDIC TRADITION OF INDIA
(DARSHAN SHANKAR) ........................................................................................................................267
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, CULTURE AND RESOURCE RIGHTS: THE CASE OF TULASI
(BHANUMATHI NATARAJAN) ................................................................................................................268
TRADITIONAL HEALTH CARE IN NATIVE CANADIAN COMMUNITIES
(JEAN GOODWILL) ............................................................................................................................270
LEARNING TO CONNECT SPIRIT, MIND, BODY AND HEART TO THE ENVIRONMENT: A HEALER’S PERSPECTIVE
(LEA BILL – RIPPLING WATER WOMAN) ...................................................................................................272
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF MAYA ETHNOMEDICINE
(ELOIS ANN BERLIN AND BRENT BERLIN) .................................................................................................273
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES AND BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION IN BELIZE: VALUATION STUDIES
(MICHAEL J. BALICK, ROSITA ARVIGO, GREGORY SHROPSHIRE AND ROBERT MENDELSOHN) ............................... 275
‘VEGETALISMO’ AND THE PERCEPTION OF BIODIVERSITY: SHAMANIC VALUES IN THE PERUVIAN UPPER AMAZON
(FRANCOISE BARBIRA-FREEDMAN) ........................................................................................................277
‘FOOD’ AND ‘DRUGS’ IN NORTH-WEST AMAZONIA
(STEPHEN HUGH-JONES) .....................................................................................................................278
THE ROLE OF FOOD IN THE THERAPEUTICS OF THE AKA PYGMIES OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
(ELIZABETH MOTTE-FLORAC, SERGE BAHUCHET AND JACQUELINE M. C. THOMAS) ........................................... 280
SYMBOLS AND SELECTIVITY IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN MEDICINE
(MAURICE MMADUAKOLAM IWU) .........................................................................................................282
BOX 6.1: BUMETHA
RUKARARWE: INTEGRATING MODERN AND TRADITIONAL HEALTH CARE IN SOUTH-WEST
UGANDA (OLIVE TUMWESIGYE)
BOX 6.2: THE CHIANG MAI DECLARATION: SAVING LIVES BY SAVING PLANTS
BOX 6.3: THE ARUSHA DECLARATION
BOX 6.4: SPIRIT, STORY AND MEDICINE: SACHAMAMA – AN EXAMPLE OF THE ANCIENT BEINGS OF THE AMAZON
RAINFOREST (FRANCISCO MONTES, TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY KATHLEEN HARRISON)
BOX 6.5: AUSTRALIAN POEMS: BILL NEIDJIE, WITH S. DAVIS AND A. FOX, AND ABORIGINAL SONG FROM THE
OENPELLI REGION
FIGURESUGANDA (OLIVE TUMWESIGYE)
BOX 6.2: THE CHIANG MAI DECLARATION: SAVING LIVES BY SAVING PLANTS
BOX 6.3: THE ARUSHA DECLARATION
BOX 6.4: SPIRIT, STORY AND MEDICINE: SACHAMAMA – AN EXAMPLE OF THE ANCIENT BEINGS OF THE AMAZON
RAINFOREST (FRANCISCO MONTES, TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY KATHLEEN HARRISON)
BOX 6.5: AUSTRALIAN POEMS: BILL NEIDJIE, WITH S. DAVIS AND A. FOX, AND ABORIGINAL SONG FROM THE
OENPELLI REGION
FIGURE 6.1: A WOMAN
WORSHIPPING TULASI EARLY IN THE MORNING IN THE CITY OF MADRAS, TAMIL
NADU,
INDIA. (PHOTOGRAPH: BHANUMATHI NATARAJAN)
INDIA. (PHOTOGRAPH: BHANUMATHI NATARAJAN)
CHAPTER 7
TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE AND SOIL MANAGEMENT 285
KRISTINA PLENDERLEITH
CONTENTS
THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL
FARMERS IN CREATING AND CONSERVING AGROBIODIVERSITY
(KRISTINA PLENDERLEITH) ....................................................................................................................287
THE AGROECOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF BIODIVERSITY IN TRADITIONAL FARMING SYSTEMS
(MIGUEL A. ALTIERI) ...........................................................................................................................291
(KRISTINA PLENDERLEITH) ....................................................................................................................287
THE AGROECOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF BIODIVERSITY IN TRADITIONAL FARMING SYSTEMS
(MIGUEL A. ALTIERI) ...........................................................................................................................291
The nature of
traditional farming
knowledge............................................................................292
Andean farming systems as a case study .................................................................................293
Traditional farming and agrobiodiversity: the future .................................................................295
Andean farming systems as a case study .................................................................................293
Traditional farming and agrobiodiversity: the future .................................................................295
THE CHALLENGE OF
STATIONARY SHIFTING CULTIVATION: FARMING IN THE PAPUA NEW GUINEA
HIGHLANDS
(PAUL SILLITOE, WITH WABIS UNGUTIP, JIM PELIA, KULI HOND AND BEN WABIS) .............................................. 297
RICE CULTIVATION BY THE DAYAK PASIR ADANG COMMUNITY, EAST KALIMANTAN
(IDENG ENRIS AND SARMIAH, EDITED BY RIZA V. TJAHJADI) ........................................................................300
CAIÇARA AGROFORESTRY MANAGEMENT
(DANIEL DI GIORGI TOFFOLI AND ROGERIO RIBEIRO DE OLIVEIRA) ................................................................ 302
HONOURING CREATION AND TENDING THE GARDEN: AMISH VIEWS OF BIODIVERSITY
(RICHARD H. MOORE, DEBORAH H. STINNER, AND DAVID AND ELSIE KLINE) ..................................................305
(PAUL SILLITOE, WITH WABIS UNGUTIP, JIM PELIA, KULI HOND AND BEN WABIS) .............................................. 297
RICE CULTIVATION BY THE DAYAK PASIR ADANG COMMUNITY, EAST KALIMANTAN
(IDENG ENRIS AND SARMIAH, EDITED BY RIZA V. TJAHJADI) ........................................................................300
CAIÇARA AGROFORESTRY MANAGEMENT
(DANIEL DI GIORGI TOFFOLI AND ROGERIO RIBEIRO DE OLIVEIRA) ................................................................ 302
HONOURING CREATION AND TENDING THE GARDEN: AMISH VIEWS OF BIODIVERSITY
(RICHARD H. MOORE, DEBORAH H. STINNER, AND DAVID AND ELSIE KLINE) ..................................................305
Influences of Amish land
management on biodiversity
..............................................................306
Local knowledge of biodiversity ..............................................................................................308
Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................308
Local knowledge of biodiversity ..............................................................................................308
Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................308
WHAT AFRICAN FARMERS
KNOW (DAVID BROKENSHA)
.............................................................................309
THE CULTURAL VALUES OF SOME TRADITIONAL FOOD PLANTS IN AFRICA (CHRISTINE KABUYE) ........................... 312
CASTING SEED TO THE FOUR WINDS: A MODEST PROPOSAL
FOR PLANT GENETIC DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT (PAUL RICHARDS) .................................................................315
LINKING BIODIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURE: CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY (LORI ANN THRUPP) ........................................................316
THE CULTURAL VALUES OF SOME TRADITIONAL FOOD PLANTS IN AFRICA (CHRISTINE KABUYE) ........................... 312
CASTING SEED TO THE FOUR WINDS: A MODEST PROPOSAL
FOR PLANT GENETIC DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT (PAUL RICHARDS) .................................................................315
LINKING BIODIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURE: CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY (LORI ANN THRUPP) ........................................................316
Agrobiodiversity loss:
conflicts and effects
...............................................................................318
Policy and institutional changes ..............................................................................................319
Policy and institutional changes ..............................................................................................319
RURAL SOCIETIES AND THE
LOGIC OF GENEROSITY (JEAN CHRISTIE AND PAT MOONEY)
................................... 320
REBUILDING OUR FOOD SYSTEM: THE ETHICAL AND SPIRITUAL CHALLENGE
(PETER MANN AND KATHY LAWRENCE) ..................................................................................................321
FIGURES AND TABLESREBUILDING OUR FOOD SYSTEM: THE ETHICAL AND SPIRITUAL CHALLENGE
(PETER MANN AND KATHY LAWRENCE) ..................................................................................................321
FIGURE 7.1: YIELD
VARIANCE AND RISK REDUCTION FOR AN ANDEAN HOUSEHOLD ACCORDING TO THE
NUMBER
OF FARMED FIELDS (AFTER GOLAN 1993).
FIGURE 7.2: THE INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL AND AGROECOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES TO ACHIEVE
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION IN THE ANDES.
FIGURE 7.3: ALTERNATIVE PATHS FOR THE CONVERSION OF PEASANT SOCIETIES TOWARD SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT.
FIGURE 7.4: LOCATION MAP OF THE CAIÇARA TERRITORIES.
FIGURE 7.5: ‘VAVILOV CENTRES’ OF PLANT GENETIC DIVERSITY: AREAS OF HIGH CROP DIVERSITY AND ORIGINS
OF FOOD CROPS, ACCORDING TO N. VAVILOV.
TABLE 7.1: SOME IMPORTANT TRADITIONAL FOOD PLANTS IN AFRICA.
TABLE 7.2: THE EXTENT OF GENETIC UNIFORMITY IN SELECTED CROPS.
TABLE 7.3: REDUCTION OF DIVERSITY IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, 1903 TO 1983
(VARIETIES IN NSSL COLLECTION).
TABLE 7.4: PAST CROP FAILURES DUE TO GENETIC UNIFORMITY.
TABLE 7.5: THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE IN GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT.
OF FARMED FIELDS (AFTER GOLAN 1993).
FIGURE 7.2: THE INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL AND AGROECOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES TO ACHIEVE
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION IN THE ANDES.
FIGURE 7.3: ALTERNATIVE PATHS FOR THE CONVERSION OF PEASANT SOCIETIES TOWARD SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT.
FIGURE 7.4: LOCATION MAP OF THE CAIÇARA TERRITORIES.
FIGURE 7.5: ‘VAVILOV CENTRES’ OF PLANT GENETIC DIVERSITY: AREAS OF HIGH CROP DIVERSITY AND ORIGINS
OF FOOD CROPS, ACCORDING TO N. VAVILOV.
TABLE 7.1: SOME IMPORTANT TRADITIONAL FOOD PLANTS IN AFRICA.
TABLE 7.2: THE EXTENT OF GENETIC UNIFORMITY IN SELECTED CROPS.
TABLE 7.3: REDUCTION OF DIVERSITY IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, 1903 TO 1983
(VARIETIES IN NSSL COLLECTION).
TABLE 7.4: PAST CROP FAILURES DUE TO GENETIC UNIFORMITY.
TABLE 7.5: THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE IN GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT.
CHAPTER 8
MOUNTAINS: THE HEIGHTS OF BIODIVERSITY 325
EDWIN BERNBAUM
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION (EDWIN
BERNBAUM)
.....................................................................................................327
THE HUNTSMAN AND THE DEER (ADAPTED FROM THE HUNDRED THOUSAND
SONGS OF MILAREPA, TRANSLATED BY GARMA C. C. CHANG, 1970) .........................................................332
CREATION OF THE SACRED MOUNTAINS OF THE DINEH (NAVAJO)
(ADAPTED FROM WASHINGTON MATTHEWS, 1897) .................................................................................333
SHERPA PROTECTION OF THE MOUNT EVEREST REGION OF NEPAL
(STANLEY F. STEVENS, 1993) ..............................................................................................................334
BADRINATH: PILGRIMAGE AND CONSERVATION IN THE HIMALAYAS
(A. N. PUROHIT AND EDWIN BERNBAUM) ..............................................................................................336
SACRED MOUNTAINS OF CHINA (MARTIN PALMER AND TJALLING HALBERTSMA) .............................................337
THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS: SACRED PLACES OF THE STONEY PEOPLE
(CHIEF JOHN SNOW, 1977) ...............................................................................................................338
OF TELESCOPES, SQUIRRELS AND PRAYERS: THE MT. GRAHAM CONTROVERSY
(EVELYN MARTIN, 1993) ....................................................................................................................339
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION BASED ON SACRED SITES (THOMAS SCHAAF) ............................................341
TEXT BOXTHE HUNTSMAN AND THE DEER (ADAPTED FROM THE HUNDRED THOUSAND
SONGS OF MILAREPA, TRANSLATED BY GARMA C. C. CHANG, 1970) .........................................................332
CREATION OF THE SACRED MOUNTAINS OF THE DINEH (NAVAJO)
(ADAPTED FROM WASHINGTON MATTHEWS, 1897) .................................................................................333
SHERPA PROTECTION OF THE MOUNT EVEREST REGION OF NEPAL
(STANLEY F. STEVENS, 1993) ..............................................................................................................334
BADRINATH: PILGRIMAGE AND CONSERVATION IN THE HIMALAYAS
(A. N. PUROHIT AND EDWIN BERNBAUM) ..............................................................................................336
SACRED MOUNTAINS OF CHINA (MARTIN PALMER AND TJALLING HALBERTSMA) .............................................337
THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS: SACRED PLACES OF THE STONEY PEOPLE
(CHIEF JOHN SNOW, 1977) ...............................................................................................................338
OF TELESCOPES, SQUIRRELS AND PRAYERS: THE MT. GRAHAM CONTROVERSY
(EVELYN MARTIN, 1993) ....................................................................................................................339
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION BASED ON SACRED SITES (THOMAS SCHAAF) ............................................341
BOX 8.1: ‘THE LAND IS
YOURS’ (ROGER PULLIN)
CHAPTER 9
FORESTS, CULTURE AND CONSERVATION 345
SARAH A. LAIRD
CONTENTS
FORESTS, CULTURE AND
CONSERVATION (SARAH A. LAIRD)
.......................................................................347
The economic importance
of traditional knowledge and forest management systems
.................. 348
Trees, forests and sacred groves – myths, lore and legends ....................................................... 349
The cultural context of conservation .........................................................................................354
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................358
Trees, forests and sacred groves – myths, lore and legends ....................................................... 349
The cultural context of conservation .........................................................................................354
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................358
TREES AND THE SYMBOLISM
OF LIFE IN INDIGENOUS COSMOLOGIES (LAURA RIVAL)
........................................ 358
The Amazon ‘World Tree’
.......................................................................................................358
Trees and humans in South India .............................................................................................361
Trees – symbols of life and regeneration ..................................................................................362
Trees and humans in South India .............................................................................................361
Trees – symbols of life and regeneration ..................................................................................362
CULTURAL LANDSCAPES,
CHRONOLOGICAL ECOTONES AND KAYAPÓ RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (DARRELL A. POSEY)
..........................................................................................................................363
INVISIBLE INCOME: THE ECOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF NON-TIMBER FOREST RESOURCES IN AMAZONIAN FORESTS (PATRICIA SHANLEY AND JURANDIR GALVÃO) ....................................................... 364
MUSANGA CECROPIOIDES: BIODYNAMIC KNOWLEDGE ENCODED IN MYTHIC KNOWLEDGE (PAUL RICHARDS) ..............................................................................................................................366
NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS IN SOUTHERN GHANA: TRADITIONAL AND CULTURAL FOREST VALUES (JULIA FALCONER) .............................................................................................................................366
CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY IN WEST AFRICA: THE CASE OF BENIN AND COTE D’IVOIRE (JEANNE ZOUNDJIHEKPON AND BERNADETTE DOSSOU-GLEHOUENOU) ........................................................370
BARK CLOTH IN BUGANDA (CHRISTINE KABUYE) ......................................................................................371
IDENTIFYING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PRIORITIES BASED ON LOCAL VALUES AND ABUNDANCE DATA
(WYNET SMITH AND T. C. MEREDITH) .....................................................................................................372
FOREST AUGURY IN BORNEO: INDIGENOUS ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE – ABOUT THE LIMITS TO KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT (MICHAEL DOVE) .........................................................................376
CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES RELATED TO THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
IN THE SACRED GROVES OF THE WESTERN GHATS IN MAHARASHTRA (E. BHARUCHA) ..................................... 382
(PRAMOD PARAJULI) ...........................................................................................................................385
THE CONSTRUCTION AND DESTRUCTION OF ‘INDIGENOUS’ KNOWLEDGE IN
INDIA’S JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (NANDINI SUNDAR) ......................................................388
OF DANCING BEARS AND SACRED TREES: SOME ASPECTS OF TURKISH ATTITUDES TOWARD
NATURE AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (SARGUN A. TONT) ......................... 392
GODS OF THE FOREST: MYTH AND RITUAL IN COMMUNITY FORESTRY
(WILLIAM BURCH JR.) .........................................................................................................................393
THE OAK TREE OF ERROL, SCOTLAND (ALEXANDER PORTEOUS) ...................................................................394
TEXT BOXESINVISIBLE INCOME: THE ECOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF NON-TIMBER FOREST RESOURCES IN AMAZONIAN FORESTS (PATRICIA SHANLEY AND JURANDIR GALVÃO) ....................................................... 364
MUSANGA CECROPIOIDES: BIODYNAMIC KNOWLEDGE ENCODED IN MYTHIC KNOWLEDGE (PAUL RICHARDS) ..............................................................................................................................366
NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS IN SOUTHERN GHANA: TRADITIONAL AND CULTURAL FOREST VALUES (JULIA FALCONER) .............................................................................................................................366
CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY IN WEST AFRICA: THE CASE OF BENIN AND COTE D’IVOIRE (JEANNE ZOUNDJIHEKPON AND BERNADETTE DOSSOU-GLEHOUENOU) ........................................................370
BARK CLOTH IN BUGANDA (CHRISTINE KABUYE) ......................................................................................371
IDENTIFYING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PRIORITIES BASED ON LOCAL VALUES AND ABUNDANCE DATA
(WYNET SMITH AND T. C. MEREDITH) .....................................................................................................372
FOREST AUGURY IN BORNEO: INDIGENOUS ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE – ABOUT THE LIMITS TO KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT (MICHAEL DOVE) .........................................................................376
Augury and the tropical
forest environment
.............................................................................377
Development implications .......................................................................................................379
THE HOLY HILLS OF THE DAI (PEI SHENGJI)
..............................................................................................381Development implications .......................................................................................................379
CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES RELATED TO THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
IN THE SACRED GROVES OF THE WESTERN GHATS IN MAHARASHTRA (E. BHARUCHA) ..................................... 382
The deities, ceremonial
rites and local taboos
..........................................................................384
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................385
PEASANT COSMOVISIONS AND BIODIVERSITY: SOME REFLECTIONS
FROM SOUTH ASIAConclusion .............................................................................................................................385
(PRAMOD PARAJULI) ...........................................................................................................................385
THE CONSTRUCTION AND DESTRUCTION OF ‘INDIGENOUS’ KNOWLEDGE IN
INDIA’S JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (NANDINI SUNDAR) ......................................................388
OF DANCING BEARS AND SACRED TREES: SOME ASPECTS OF TURKISH ATTITUDES TOWARD
NATURE AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (SARGUN A. TONT) ......................... 392
GODS OF THE FOREST: MYTH AND RITUAL IN COMMUNITY FORESTRY
(WILLIAM BURCH JR.) .........................................................................................................................393
THE OAK TREE OF ERROL, SCOTLAND (ALEXANDER PORTEOUS) ...................................................................394
BOX 9.1: FOREST PRODUCTS
AS AN ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE
BOX 9.2: FOREST POLICY: OUT OF THE UNCED
BOX 9.3: ‘WILDWOODS’ – CULTURE AND CONSERVATION IN BRITAIN (OLIVER RACKHAM)
BOX 9.4: ‘SPIRIT OF THE FOREST’ (KENNY YOUNG)
BOX 9.5: THE HUAORANI MYTH OF ORIGIN
BOX 9.6: LORE, LEGEND AND FOREST CONSERVATION IN THE EASTERN AMAZON
(PATRICIA SHANLEY AND JURANDIR GALVÃO)
BOX 9.7: TRESPASSING ON THE DEVIL’S LAND: AFRICAN AND WEST INDIAN VARIANTS (HAROLD COURLANDER)
BOX 9.8: TURKISH NATURE POEMS: ‘MY TREE’ (ORHAN VELI KANIK, TRANSLATED BY MURAT NEMET-NEJAT)
AND ‘I BECAME A TREE’ (MELIH CEVDET ANDAY, TRANSLATED BY TALAT SAIT HALMAN)
BOX 9.9: ‘ON ENTERING THE FOREST’ (DR FREDA RAJOTTE), ‘THOUGHTS ON MANITOBA MONOCULTURE
(DR FREDA RAJOTTE) AND ‘WINDS OF CHANGE’ (ROGER PULLIN)
FIGURES AND TABLESBOX 9.2: FOREST POLICY: OUT OF THE UNCED
BOX 9.3: ‘WILDWOODS’ – CULTURE AND CONSERVATION IN BRITAIN (OLIVER RACKHAM)
BOX 9.4: ‘SPIRIT OF THE FOREST’ (KENNY YOUNG)
BOX 9.5: THE HUAORANI MYTH OF ORIGIN
BOX 9.6: LORE, LEGEND AND FOREST CONSERVATION IN THE EASTERN AMAZON
(PATRICIA SHANLEY AND JURANDIR GALVÃO)
BOX 9.7: TRESPASSING ON THE DEVIL’S LAND: AFRICAN AND WEST INDIAN VARIANTS (HAROLD COURLANDER)
BOX 9.8: TURKISH NATURE POEMS: ‘MY TREE’ (ORHAN VELI KANIK, TRANSLATED BY MURAT NEMET-NEJAT)
AND ‘I BECAME A TREE’ (MELIH CEVDET ANDAY, TRANSLATED BY TALAT SAIT HALMAN)
BOX 9.9: ‘ON ENTERING THE FOREST’ (DR FREDA RAJOTTE), ‘THOUGHTS ON MANITOBA MONOCULTURE
(DR FREDA RAJOTTE) AND ‘WINDS OF CHANGE’ (ROGER PULLIN)
FIGURE 9.1: THE KANTU’
TERRITORY IN KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA.
TABLE 9.1: NUMBERS USED TO CALCULATE VALUES FOR THE VARIOUS TYPES OF USE.
TABLE 9.2: LIST OF VALUES FOR VARIOUS SPECIES BASED ON THE TWO METHODS OF ASSIGNING VALUE.
CHAPTER 10 TABLE 9.1: NUMBERS USED TO CALCULATE VALUES FOR THE VARIOUS TYPES OF USE.
TABLE 9.2: LIST OF VALUES FOR VARIOUS SPECIES BASED ON THE TWO METHODS OF ASSIGNING VALUE.
AQUATIC AND MARINE BIODIVERSITY 397
PAUL CHAMBERS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION (PAUL
CHAMBERS)
........................................................................................................399
‘PAAVAHU’ AND ‘PAANAQSO’A’: THE WELLSPRINGS OF LIFE AND THE SLURRY OF DEATH
(PETER WHITELEY AND VERNON MASAYESVA) ..........................................................................................403
‘RESCUING’ BIODIVERSITY FOR THE CREE (MARIE ROUÉ AND DOUGLAS NAKASHIMA) ...................................... 406
COMPETITION BETWEEN ANCESTORS AND CHINESE TRADERS IN THE ARU ISLANDS, INDONESIA (MANON OSSEWEIJER) ......................................................................................................................416
THE LOSS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND MARINE RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY: THE IMPACT IN HAWAI’I (WILLIAM WALLACE MOKAHI STEINER) ...................................................................................................417
CUSTOMARY MAORI FISHERIES (NGA KAI O TE MOANA, MINISTRY OF MAORI DEVELOPMENT) ........................... 422
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND AMAZONIAN BLACKWATERS OF HUNGER
(JANET M. CHERNELA) .......................................................................................................................423
LOCAL RESPONSE TO A MORATORIUM IN ARCTIC ICELAND (NÍELS EINARSSON) .............................................. 431
TEXT BOXESLocal environmental
knowledge
..............................................................................................399
Local resource management systems .......................................................................................400
Conflicts over resource values .................................................................................................401
SACRED WATERS (CLAUS BIEGERT)
........................................................................................................402Local resource management systems .......................................................................................400
Conflicts over resource values .................................................................................................401
‘PAAVAHU’ AND ‘PAANAQSO’A’: THE WELLSPRINGS OF LIFE AND THE SLURRY OF DEATH
(PETER WHITELEY AND VERNON MASAYESVA) ..........................................................................................403
Of coal-mines and
slurries
......................................................................................................405
THE DISCOURSE OF ECOLOGICAL CORRECTNESS: OF DAM BUILDERS‘RESCUING’ BIODIVERSITY FOR THE CREE (MARIE ROUÉ AND DOUGLAS NAKASHIMA) ...................................... 406
Upichuun – The First
Rapids: place of production and reproduction
..........................................408
Coasters and Inlanders: segmentation and complementarity .....................................................408
Men’s roles – women’s roles ....................................................................................................410
Biodiversity conservation, but the fish nevertheless are lost .......................................................410
GWICH’IN ATTITUDES TO FISH (GLEB RAYGORODETSKY)
............................................................................412Coasters and Inlanders: segmentation and complementarity .....................................................408
Men’s roles – women’s roles ....................................................................................................410
Biodiversity conservation, but the fish nevertheless are lost .......................................................410
Dhik’ii – Dolly Varden
Charr
...................................................................................................412
Luk zheii – Whitefish ..............................................................................................................413
SEASONAL WETLANDS (FLEUR NG’WENO)
.............................................................................................414Luk zheii – Whitefish ..............................................................................................................413
COMPETITION BETWEEN ANCESTORS AND CHINESE TRADERS IN THE ARU ISLANDS, INDONESIA (MANON OSSEWEIJER) ......................................................................................................................416
THE LOSS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND MARINE RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY: THE IMPACT IN HAWAI’I (WILLIAM WALLACE MOKAHI STEINER) ...................................................................................................417
The kapu system as a
response to natural laws
........................................................................418
Problems in Paradise ..............................................................................................................419
Loss of world ..........................................................................................................................420
WESTERN SAMOAN VIEWS OF THE ENVIRONMENT (CLARK PETERU)
............................................................421Problems in Paradise ..............................................................................................................419
Loss of world ..........................................................................................................................420
CUSTOMARY MAORI FISHERIES (NGA KAI O TE MOANA, MINISTRY OF MAORI DEVELOPMENT) ........................... 422
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND AMAZONIAN BLACKWATERS OF HUNGER
(JANET M. CHERNELA) .......................................................................................................................423
Tukanoan fishing
....................................................................................................................424
The agricultural alternative .....................................................................................................425
Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................426
A JAPANESE VIEW ON WHALES AND WHALING (ARNE KALLAND)
...............................................................426The agricultural alternative .....................................................................................................425
Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................426
The cultural
significance of whaling
.........................................................................................427
Discussion ..............................................................................................................................430
GLOBAL PRESERVATION AND THE CREATION OF A PEST: MARINE
MAMMALS ANDDiscussion ..............................................................................................................................430
LOCAL RESPONSE TO A MORATORIUM IN ARCTIC ICELAND (NÍELS EINARSSON) .............................................. 431
BOX 10.1: THE FLOODING
OF RIVER SIO (BEATRICE B. MALOBA)
BOX 10.2: ‘THEORETICALLY’ (WILLIAM WALLACE MOKAHI STEINER)
FIGURES AND TABLESBOX 10.2: ‘THEORETICALLY’ (WILLIAM WALLACE MOKAHI STEINER)
FIGURE 10.1: MAP OF
EASTERN JAMES BAY, QUEBEC, SHOWING THE VILLAGE OF CHISASIBI NEAR THE
MOUTH OF THE
LA GRANDE RIVER, THE RESERVOIRS CREATED BY THE LA GRANDE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT, AND
HEALTH INFORMATION ON LEVELS OF MERCURY IN FISH IN VARIOUS STRETCHES OF THE RIVER SYSTEM.
FIGURE 10.2: SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS BY J. BOBBISH ILLUSTRATING THE SEINE-FISHING TECHNIQUE USED BY THE
CHISASIBI CREE AT THE FIRST RAPIDS SITE ON LA GRANDE RIVER, QUEBEC.
TABLE 10.1: PRE-CONTACT AND POST-CONTACT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN HAWAI’I.
LA GRANDE RIVER, THE RESERVOIRS CREATED BY THE LA GRANDE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT, AND
HEALTH INFORMATION ON LEVELS OF MERCURY IN FISH IN VARIOUS STRETCHES OF THE RIVER SYSTEM.
FIGURE 10.2: SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS BY J. BOBBISH ILLUSTRATING THE SEINE-FISHING TECHNIQUE USED BY THE
CHISASIBI CREE AT THE FIRST RAPIDS SITE ON LA GRANDE RIVER, QUEBEC.
TABLE 10.1: PRE-CONTACT AND POST-CONTACT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN HAWAI’I.
CHAPTER 11
ETHICAL, MORAL AND RELIGIOUS CONCERNS 435
JEFF GOLLIHER
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION (JEFF
GOLLIHER)
...........................................................................................................437
HOMELESS IN THE ‘GLOBAL VILLAGE’ (VANDANA SHIVA) ...........................................................................452
SPIRITUAL BELIEFS AND CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS OF SOME KENYAN COMMUNITIES (MARY GETUI) .................................................................................................................................455
ECOFEMINISM: DOMINATION, HEALING AND WORLD VIEWS (ROSEMARY RADFORD RUETHER) ...........................................................................................................457
TWO CONCEPTIONS OF BIODIVERSITY VALUE (JOHN O’NEILL AND ALAN HOLLAND) ........................................ 460
(TIMOTHY C. WEISKEL) .......................................................................................................................466
NATURE AND CULTURE IN THE VALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY (BRYAN G. NORTON) ..........................................468
BIODIVERSITY, FAITH AND ETHICS (DIETER T. HESSEL) .................................................................................474
INTERBEING: PRECEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF AN APPLIED ECOLOGY (JOAN HALIFAX AND MARTY PEALE) ......................................................................................................475
WHERE IS THE ENVIRONMENT? (JAMES HILLMAN) ....................................................................................486
RECONNECTING WITH THE WEB OF LIFE: DEEP ECOLOGY, ETHICS AND ECOLOGICAL LITERACY (FRITJOF CAPRA) ...............................................................................................................................489
TEXT BOXESEnvironmental philosophy
and ecology as values criticism
........................................................437
The earth and sustainable communities ...................................................................................445
Has a global ethic emerged? ..................................................................................................446
Conclusions: biodiversity and the sacred .................................................................................448
ALL MY RELATIONS: PERSPECTIVES FROM INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
(CHIEF OREN LYONS) ...................................... 450The earth and sustainable communities ...................................................................................445
Has a global ethic emerged? ..................................................................................................446
Conclusions: biodiversity and the sacred .................................................................................448
HOMELESS IN THE ‘GLOBAL VILLAGE’ (VANDANA SHIVA) ...........................................................................452
SPIRITUAL BELIEFS AND CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS OF SOME KENYAN COMMUNITIES (MARY GETUI) .................................................................................................................................455
ECOFEMINISM: DOMINATION, HEALING AND WORLD VIEWS (ROSEMARY RADFORD RUETHER) ...........................................................................................................457
TWO CONCEPTIONS OF BIODIVERSITY VALUE (JOHN O’NEILL AND ALAN HOLLAND) ........................................ 460
Sustainability and
natural capital
............................................................................................461
Time, history and biodiversity .................................................................................................461
KANTIAN AND UTILITARIAN APPROACHES TO THE VALUE OF
BIODIVERSITY (MARK SAGOFF) .............................. 463Time, history and biodiversity .................................................................................................461
Two frameworks for
decision-making
......................................................................................463
Is human well-being the only obligation? .................................................................................465
SELLING PIGEONS IN THE TEMPLE: THE BLASPHEMY OF MARKET
METAPHORS IN AN ECOSYSTEMIs human well-being the only obligation? .................................................................................465
(TIMOTHY C. WEISKEL) .......................................................................................................................466
NATURE AND CULTURE IN THE VALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY (BRYAN G. NORTON) ..........................................468
New beginnings
.....................................................................................................................469
Valuing biodiversity in place ...................................................................................................470
ON BIORESPONSIBILITY (JAMES A. NASH)
..............................................................................................471Valuing biodiversity in place ...................................................................................................470
BIODIVERSITY, FAITH AND ETHICS (DIETER T. HESSEL) .................................................................................474
INTERBEING: PRECEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF AN APPLIED ECOLOGY (JOAN HALIFAX AND MARTY PEALE) ......................................................................................................475
The ramifications of
dualism
...................................................................................................475
Shifting the emphasis to relationships ......................................................................................476
PSYCHOSPIRITUAL EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS IN CELTIC
CULTURE AND ITS CONTEMPORARY GEOPOETIC
RESTORATION (ALASTAIR MCINTOSH)
..............................................................480Shifting the emphasis to relationships ......................................................................................476
Celtic nature poetry
................................................................................................................480
Cauterization of the heart? .....................................................................................................481
Towards a cultural psychotherapy ...........................................................................................482
THE ECOLOGY OF ANIMISM (DAVID ABRAM)
...........................................................................................483Cauterization of the heart? .....................................................................................................481
Towards a cultural psychotherapy ...........................................................................................482
WHERE IS THE ENVIRONMENT? (JAMES HILLMAN) ....................................................................................486
RECONNECTING WITH THE WEB OF LIFE: DEEP ECOLOGY, ETHICS AND ECOLOGICAL LITERACY (FRITJOF CAPRA) ...............................................................................................................................489
Deep ecology and ethics
.........................................................................................................489
Ecological literacy ..................................................................................................................490
FORMING ‘THE ALLIANCE OF RELIGIONS AND CONSERVATION’
(TIM JENSEN) ................................................492Ecological literacy ..................................................................................................................490
Common key-concepts of
the religions
.....................................................................................494
Religiously based projects .......................................................................................................496
The ‘greening’ of world religions .............................................................................................497
Religiously based projects .......................................................................................................496
The ‘greening’ of world religions .............................................................................................497
BOX 11.1: ART AND
ENVIRONMENT, OR LOOK HERE (MARGOT MCLEAN)
BOX 11.2: WE MUST TRY TO HEAR OTHERS (FINN LYNGE)
BOX 11.3: TEN THESES FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT (DENIS GOULET)
BOX 11.4: TOWARDS A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ETHIC (J. BAIRD CALLICOTT)
BOX 11.5: ‘ALL THAT IS – IS A WEB OF BEING’ (WILLIAM N. ELLIS AND MARGARET M. ELLIS)
BOX 11.6: OF PANDAS AND RELIGION: THE ROAD TO ASSISI (MARTIN PALMER)
BOX 11.7: ‘COMMUNING BEFORE SUPERMARKETS’AND ‘BRINGING IN THE SHEAVES’ (CARTER REVARD)
BOX 11.2: WE MUST TRY TO HEAR OTHERS (FINN LYNGE)
BOX 11.3: TEN THESES FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT (DENIS GOULET)
BOX 11.4: TOWARDS A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ETHIC (J. BAIRD CALLICOTT)
BOX 11.5: ‘ALL THAT IS – IS A WEB OF BEING’ (WILLIAM N. ELLIS AND MARGARET M. ELLIS)
BOX 11.6: OF PANDAS AND RELIGION: THE ROAD TO ASSISI (MARTIN PALMER)
BOX 11.7: ‘COMMUNING BEFORE SUPERMARKETS’AND ‘BRINGING IN THE SHEAVES’ (CARTER REVARD)
CHAPTER 12
RIGHTS, RESOURCES AND RESPONSES 503
GRAHAM DUTFIELD
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION (GRAHAM
DUTFIELD)
.....................................................................................................505
PROPERTY RIGHTS: CLARIFYING THE CONCEPTS (BHASKAR VIRA) ..................................................................517
SELLING NATURE TO SAVE IT: BIODIVERSITY AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC PARADIGM (KATHY MCAFEE) ................ 526
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY TO THE LOITA MAASAI OF KENYA (DAVID J. STEPHENSON JR.) .................................................................................................................. 531
BEYOND TRIPS: PROTECTING COMMUNITIES’ KNOWLEDGE (CARLOS M. CORREA) ........................................... 533
CULTURAL AND POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF BIOPROSPECTING (DARSHAN SHANKAR) .......................................534
MANAGING ENVIRONMENTS SUSTAINABLY THROUGH UNDERSTANDING AND ASSIMILATING LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: THE CASE OF THE HONEY BEE (ANIL K. GUPTA) ...............................................................................................................................535
TRADITIONAL RIGHTS TO LAND IN INDONESIA: A HIGH POTENTIAL FOR CONFLICTS (DELPHINE ROCH) ..............................................................................................................................537
THE CRITICAL IMPORTANCE OF PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S DEVELOPMENT PLANS (TAHEREH NADARAJAH) ......................................................................................................................538
THE CASE OF JUREIA (GEMIMA BORN) ...................................................................................................540
A FULL LAW (CHRISTINE MORRIS) ..........................................................................................................543
TEXT BOXESBioprospecting or
biopiracy?
..................................................................................................506
The Convention on Biological Diversity and Intellectual Property Rights ..................................... 507
The CBD, the World Trade Organization and the FAO International
Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources ..................................................................................510
Integrating rights for community control ...................................................................................511
THE TRAGEDY OF ENCLOSURE (GEORGE MONBIOT)
..................................................................................515The Convention on Biological Diversity and Intellectual Property Rights ..................................... 507
The CBD, the World Trade Organization and the FAO International
Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources ..................................................................................510
Integrating rights for community control ...................................................................................511
PROPERTY RIGHTS: CLARIFYING THE CONCEPTS (BHASKAR VIRA) ..................................................................517
Can biodiversity be
‘owned’?
..................................................................................................520
PROPERTY, AGENCY, TIME, CULTURE, SPIRIT (JOHN WIENER)
.......................................................................520Individual and
collective agency, and the village as
firm...........................................................521
Humans in the environment .....................................................................................................523
Time, substitution and capital mobility .....................................................................................523
Culture and spirituality – cultural, social, political, analytical? ...................................................524
BIODIVERSITY, CORNUCOPIA OF KNOWLEDGE (ASTRID SCHOLZ AND
IGNACIO CHAPELA) .................................... 525Humans in the environment .....................................................................................................523
Time, substitution and capital mobility .....................................................................................523
Culture and spirituality – cultural, social, political, analytical? ...................................................524
SELLING NATURE TO SAVE IT: BIODIVERSITY AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC PARADIGM (KATHY MCAFEE) ................ 526
Diversity as a commodity
........................................................................................................527
The economic paradigm and the Convention on Biological Diversity .........................................528
Defending biodiversity: on whose terms? .................................................................................529
THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND EQUITABLE
BENEFIT-SHARING: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS (JOSEPH
HENRY VOGEL)
..................................................................................530The economic paradigm and the Convention on Biological Diversity .........................................528
Defending biodiversity: on whose terms? .................................................................................529
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY TO THE LOITA MAASAI OF KENYA (DAVID J. STEPHENSON JR.) .................................................................................................................. 531
BEYOND TRIPS: PROTECTING COMMUNITIES’ KNOWLEDGE (CARLOS M. CORREA) ........................................... 533
CULTURAL AND POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF BIOPROSPECTING (DARSHAN SHANKAR) .......................................534
MANAGING ENVIRONMENTS SUSTAINABLY THROUGH UNDERSTANDING AND ASSIMILATING LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: THE CASE OF THE HONEY BEE (ANIL K. GUPTA) ...............................................................................................................................535
TRADITIONAL RIGHTS TO LAND IN INDONESIA: A HIGH POTENTIAL FOR CONFLICTS (DELPHINE ROCH) ..............................................................................................................................537
THE CRITICAL IMPORTANCE OF PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S DEVELOPMENT PLANS (TAHEREH NADARAJAH) ......................................................................................................................538
The role of knowledge in
facilitating participation
....................................................................539
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................540
PERCEPTIONS OF NATURAL RESOURCE USE RIGHTS AND
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:Conclusion .............................................................................................................................540
THE CASE OF JUREIA (GEMIMA BORN) ...................................................................................................540
Considerations and
proposals
.................................................................................................541
MAORI CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CLAIM: WAI 262
(MAUI SOLOMON) ...................................... 541A FULL LAW (CHRISTINE MORRIS) ..........................................................................................................543
The two laws
..........................................................................................................................543
The ego and the killing fields ..................................................................................................544
The ego and the killing fields ..................................................................................................544
BOX 12.1: USING IPRS TO
PROTECT TRADITIONAL BIODIVERSITY-RELATED KNOWLEDGE: SOME RECENT
PROPOSALS
BOX 12.2: ‘CHOICE, NO CHOICE?’ (JANIS ALCORN)
BOX 12.2: ‘CHOICE, NO CHOICE?’ (JANIS ALCORN)
CONCLUSION
MAINTAINING THE MOSAIC 547
DARRELL ADDISON POSEY
APPENDICES
1 DECLARATIONS OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ ORGANIZATIONS 555
2. FAITH STATEMENTS ON RELIGION AND ECOLOGY 603
3. PARTICIPANTS IN THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS 637
4. THE CONTRIBUTORS 639
5. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 649
BIBLIOGRAPHY 653
INDEX 709